This project aligns with the Ohio Soybean Council’s goal of investing in research that supports farmers’ commitment to conservation. The primary goal of this project is to quantify how on-farm adoption of specific conservation and innovative management practices affect the total stock and depth distribution of soil carbon under cropland, grassland, and rangeland in Ohio and across the U.S. On-farm data are urgently needed to: (i) refine soil carbon prediction models developed from research experiment site datasets, (ii) improve predictions of how much soil carbon may be sequestered with adoption of climate-smart farming practice adoption, and (iii) assess how soil carbon stocks and associated soil health functions may change in the future. The project will also test methods of assessment of soil organic carbon stock by hand-held devices and remote sensing techniques. Additionally, it will explore socio-economic factors and policies limiting the adoption of carbon-farming practices.